Journal of General Virology

Fig. 5. Mechanisms of VV spread. EEV released from the cell can re-infect adjacent (mechanism 1a) or distant cells (to form comets) (mechanism 1b). This is inhibited by antibody to EEV proteins, but is unaffected by antibody to IMV. VV can also spread by direct cell-to-cell contact (mechanism 2). This process can be subdivided into actin tail dependent or independent pathways. Antibody has little effect on mechanism 2 unless the A33R protein is deleted, in which case plaque formation is inhibited.

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